Writing a Sample Essay on Environmental Pollution

Writing a Sample Essay on Environmental PollutionWriting a sample essay on environmental pollution can be challenging, especially if you do not have any experience writing about it. If you want to win a job offer, you must have an outstanding resume. A well-written resume not only shows potential employers that you are professional, but also displays your analytical skills. Writing a good resume does not necessarily make you the best candidate for the job, but it certainly helps.To write a sample essay on environmental pollution, you should start by taking a look at some examples of what you may see in the future. You will find that most companies today do a very thorough background check before they hire anyone, so there are many examples of past employees who might be more qualified than you for the job. That said, the rules and regulations on what is acceptable as a sample essay on environmental pollution are different today than they were in the past. It is often seen that an emp loyee who has had extensive exposure to environmental pollution is considered by the company to be more qualified than one who has not had this type of exposure. You should therefore consider this when writing your sample essay on environmental pollution.In addition to the environmental pollution, you should also consider your personal preferences when writing a sample essay on environmental pollution. Some people are very concerned about pollutants and are therefore very critical of companies that do not do enough to deal with pollution. For example, many people consider it to be very important that water is treated properly, because this has long-term negative effects on the environment.However, other people do not care as much about pollution as they do about the damage that it does to wildlife. It is therefore important to carefully consider your own personal beliefs before writing a sample essay on environmental pollution. Of course, your writing skills will play a big role in how well you perform in the interview. If you are not able to create a good essay on environmental pollution, your resume will have trouble competing against others.To begin, you should consider whether or not you want to use a computer-generated sample essay on environmental pollution, or if you would rather write it yourself. While the computer-generated essay is likely to be less expensive than writing it yourself, you will also be limited in the amount of time that you can devote to the project. You should consider this in advance of the assignment.You should also consider whether or not you should include pictures, charts, or graphs in your sample essay on environmental pollution. You should keep in mind that people tend to remember information visually, and that using graphs may not work. Also, you should ask yourself whether or not you would like to add quotes and citations. This is because it is very easy to forget what someone has said, and even harder to get a copy of the original document. If you would like to add citations, you should do so after you have added your own quotation marks.The final thing that you should consider when writing a sample essay on environmental pollution is whether or not you want to include a bibliography. This is important because, if you choose to write your own essay, you should also be prepared to make changes in the future. Even if you think that your essay is perfect, it is a good idea to check your work before submitting it.As you can see, writing a sample essay on environmental pollution is a very difficult project, and requires a lot of careful planning and preparation. It is also important to consider your own beliefs and how these will impact your writing. You should also consider how well you will do in the interview, and whether or not your writing skills are up to par.

Wolf Creek Movie Analysis

Introduction Wolf Creek is a 2005 horror film that dwells on real events that took place in Australia. Liz Hunter, Kristy Earl, and Ben Mitchell are backpackers who go into the wilderness to see a crater dubbed wolf creek. Upon visiting the site, they return to find that the car they used for the voyage will not start. Mick Taylor is a friendly mechanic who comes to their aid.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wolf Creek: Movie Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this mechanic proves to be an aggressive and dangerous person. Mick Taylor is a sadist with a personality disorder reserved for extremely aggressive persons. The film is full of cruelty and brutality mostly from the host, Mick Taylor. Moreover, the film focuses on serial killers preying on oblivious travelers. The tendency of serial killers to use extreme forms of aggression on their victims is revealed in numerous journals. Particularly, D affern, Howells, Ogloff (2007, 100) reveal the cause of aggression in such individuals. This paper is a video reflection of the Wolf creek film. Behaviour of Characters Aggression characterized by extreme violence and sadistic tendencies is revealed through the character of Mick Taylor in wolf creek. In this film, the serial killer poses as a friendly mechanic concerned about the predicament facing the stranded voyagers. The character of the serial killer is depicted in a study by Daffern, Howells, Ogloff (2007, 100-104). According to the aforementined authors, most of individuals who perpetrate sadistic and extreme forms of aggression are loners who find solace in violence. Mick Taylor is depicted in the wolf creek as a traumatized loner who uses violence to get back at the society for failing to make it in life. Liz is one of the serial killer’s victims who find herself tied in a shed. In an attempt to free she comes across Taylor sexually abusing and torturing Kristy. Mo reover, Liz discovers Taylor’s possessions mostly stolen from kidnapped travelers. These possessions include cars and cameras among others. After watching a playback in one of the cameras, she discovers that Mick uses the same strategy to prey on unaware and stranded travelers. Furthermore, Liz discovers that there was a footage revealing that Taylor was following them closely as they entered the Wolf creek and played a role in ensuring they were stranded.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The violence depicted in this horror film is plotted and committed by a sole individual with characteristics of aggression depicted by Richardson Green, (2003, 10-15). The character of Mick Taylor depicts a social misfit and an outcast who resides in an abandoned countryside. Anderson Bushman (2002, 28-30), reveal that most potential aggressors, such as Mick Taylor, are motivated by loo king at the societal circumstances that forced them to become who they are. Mick Taylor is motivated by sadistic tendencies that reveal either a troubled childhood or failed expectations. From the movie, the serial killer finds solace in sadistic tendencies, such as the inhuman decapitation of Liz and sexual assault of Kristy. Moreover, the serial killer keeps footages of the inhuman activities to get a motivation for use in attacking the next travelers. In the wolf creek incident Mick Taylor’s character inclines him to exercise extreme forms of aggression. According to Daffern, Howells, Ogloff (2007, 105-107) and Rappaport Thomas (2004, 268), there are numerous ways to classify aggressors. Concisely, aggressors are classified based on the mode of aggression, the target of aggression, and the causes of aggression. The aforementioned classes of aggression are important determinants of the aggressor and the target of aggression. The victims in Wolf creek are vulnerable and wi lling to comply with the demands of the serial killer. Moreover, they are oblivious of his motives and see him as a friendly mechanic, who can help them out of their predicament. Daffern, Howells, Ogloff (2007, 105-107) reveal that targets of aggression play a major role in violent situations. Through a psychological analysis, the motivations behind extreme forms of aggression, such as the one depicted by the serial killer are revealed. According to a similar psychological analysis conducted by Richardson Green, (2003, 15), the motivations behind murderous sprees committed by the serial killer in Wolf creek are illuminated.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Wolf Creek: Movie Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the film and several reviews on the same, Mick Taylor is a psychopath and a sadist. It is apparent that the serial killer suffers from self esteem and a personality disorder that leads individu als to commit heinous crimes such as sexual assault and severe decapitation of the victim’s limbs. From the film Mick Taylor espouses hatred for travelers visiting the historic site. Furthermore, the movie reveals that the three backpackers were not the only unfortunate travelers to fall in the hands of the serial killer. The lack of authorities in this region has motivated the serial killer to perpetrate serious crimes with impunity. No one is near to help the victims after they have been captured by the serial killer. Moreover, the personality disorder possessed by the serial killer is exacerbated by lack of medical attention that aids in ameliorating the problem. Psychiatric interventions may have helped in addressing the problems that compelled the serial killer to perform inhuman acts on his victims. The type of aggression revealed in the film is impulsive aggression. This form of aggression is comprehensively articulated by Anderson Bushman, (2002, 28). These authors h ave helped reveal that physical or emotional aggression can lead to extreme forms of violence, such as the one witnessed Wolf creek. Interactions in Mick Taylor’s life experiences led him to become the serial killer who lacks remorse and uses extreme aggression. Episodic or impulsive aggression is revealed by Anderson Bushman, (2002) as the main cause of antisocial behavior. Antisocial behavior is synonymous with physical or mental forms of aggression. The perpetrator of violence in the film possesses severed a psychiatric disorder reserved for individuals who commit homicide or suicide. As abovementioned, Mick Taylor took advantage of the absence of law agents in the location of his premises, where most of the heinous acts were taking place. Distancing oneself from the community is a revelation of the genesis of mental disorders as postulated by Rappaport Thomas (2004). An empirical study by these authors reveals that the gender and age of an individual is important in exp laining the motivations behind extreme forms of aggression. It is apparent that Mick Taylor is a middle aged man whose social expectations have not been achieved. Lack of achievement or shattered expectations can incline an individual to engage in the crimes of the magnitude witnessed in the film.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, Mick Taylor engages in extremely aggressive and violent tendencies because of the tender age of his victims who cannot resist his advances. Ostrov, Woods, Jansen, Casas, Crick (2004, 355) reveal through their study that gender of the aggressor plays an important role when extreme forms of violence or aggression occur. Particularly, the abovementioned study indicates that male offenders tend to use extreme forms of aggression characterized by violent and sadistic behaviour. On the other hand, female offenders tend to use verbal forms of aggression. In the film, Mick Taylor decapitates his victims, and this is a physical form of extreme aggression. Daffern, Howells, Ogloff, (2007, 103) have elaborated on the main causes of the unfortunate happenstance in Wolf creek. These authors use their study to classify aggressive and antisocial tendencies culminating in injury of the perpetrator. Despite relentless attacks from the victims, Mick Taylor is focused on causing grave bodi ly harm to his victims. Although the motivation behind the behaviour of the serial killer is not revealed in this study, studies by various authors have revealed that personality disorders lead an individual to commit severe crimes oblivious of the ramifications. The study by Daffern, Howells, Ogloff (2007, 107) and Rappaport Thomas (2004, 268) reveal the character of the aggressor and victims of aggression in the Wolf creek. The study also reveals how high levels of aggression lead to violence witnessed in the film. The film elucidates a form of aggression christened impulsive aggression. Daffern, Howells, Ogloff (2007, 107) provide a concrete explanation of the nature of this form of aggression. They state that impulsive aggression is prompted by autonomic arousal via provocation. The serial killer must have been provoked by the behaviour exhibited by the travelers. The serial killer exhibits emotions of anger from the numerous interactions with his victims. Similarly, Rappapor t Thomas (2004, 268) help reveal the motivations of the serial killer in the Wolf creek. The perpetrator of the crimes in the film uses exaggerated aggression because of the perceived isolation by the society. The personality of the Mick Taylor in wolf creek can be addressed through the intervention of psychiatrists. According to Rappaport Thomas (2004, 261), psychosocial treatment and therapy for cognitive behaviour can help cure the personality disorders similar to those exhibited by the serial killer in the film. Optimal treatment for extreme aggression can be achieved through the aforementioned interventions. The perpetrator of killings and severe decapitation in Wolf creek has a characteristic that can be termed as negativism in the psychology domain. Criminals with this personality trait are extremely violent because of negativity emanating from perceived neglect by the society. Mick Taylor exercises impunity and precision in his inhuman acts because of the notion that the s ociety was not interested in what was going on in his neighbourhood. Aggressive Behaviour in Group Situations Although the film reveals aggression perpetrated by an individual, the magnitude of this form of aggression surpasses that committed by groups. In the movie, Mick Taylor perpetrates the crimes on his own. According to Ostrava, Woods, Jansen, Casas, Crick (2004, 357), pro-social and aggressive behaviour may also occur in loners who exhibit severe personality disorders. The victims in this film formed a clique that was too frightened by their predicament that they sought help from a stranger with dire motives. Most of the serial killers often carry out their acts on their own and have similar personality disorders. Psychological problems make them loners. From Liz’s discovery, the serial killer had perpetrated similar crimes. Anderson Bushman (2002, 32) reveals that psychopaths like Mick Taylor are aware about their activities and harbor no remorse. Prior to the happe nstance in wolf creek, the serial killer had carried out similar crimes on travelers. Meier Hinsz (2004, 552), replicate a study by Ostrov, Woods, Jansen, Casas, Crick (2004, 357) in which they reveal the role of individuals or groups in the perpetration of heinous crimes. The serial killer was an irresponsible person motivated by lack of vigilance in his locality. Lack of responsibility is indicated by Meier Hinsz (2004, 552) as a major reason for why most of individuals perpetrate extreme forms of aggression. These severe forms of aggression often culminate in the loss of life or grievous bodily harm of the victim or the aggressor. Conclusion In conclusion, Wolf creek depicts the worst form of aggression and violence that can happen to innocent travelers. The film shows extreme, inexplicable, and gross violence perpetrated without a genuine cause. This film focuses on the predicament of three travelers who sought help from an ostensibly good mechanic. Various authors can help t o explain the motives behind the use of excess aggression by the serial killer depicted in the film. The authors of the aforementioned journals have articulated the form of aggression witnessed in this film. By focusing on the victims and the serial killer’s inclination towards aggression and violence, the film elucidates the role of the target of aggression in a crime. The victims in the film made a grave mistake by seeking help from a stranger in a deserted region. References Anderson, CA Bushman, BJ 2002, ‘Human aggression’ Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 27-51. Daffern, M, Howells, K, Ogloff, J 2007, ‘What’s the point? Towards a methodology for assessing the function of psychiatric inpatient aggression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 101–111. Meier, BP, Hinsz, VB 2004 ‘A comparison of human aggression committed by groups and individuals: An interindividual–intergroup discontinuity,†™ Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 551–559. Ostrov, JM, Woods, KE, Jansen, EA, Casas, JF, Crick, NR 2004, ‘An observational study of delivered and received aggression,gender, and social-psychological adjustment in preschool:â€Å"This White Crayon Doesn’t Work†¦ †, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 355–371. Rappaport, N Thomas, C 2004, ‘Recent Research Findings on Aggressive and Violent Behaviour in Youth: Implications for Clinical,’ Journal Of Adolescent Health, Vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 260–277. This report on Wolf Creek: Movie Analysis was written and submitted by user Kayson Johnson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thesis About Soft Drink Dealership Essay Essay Example

Thesis About Soft Drink Dealership Essay Essay Example Thesis About Soft Drink Dealership Essay Paper Thesis About Soft Drink Dealership Essay Paper 1/A thesis proposal submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Management. College of Economics. Management and Development Studies. Cavite State University. Indang. Cavite. in partial fulfilment of the demands for graduation with the grade of Bachelor of Science in Business Management. major in Business Economics. Prepared under the supervising of Dr. Nelia C. Cresino. INTRODUCTION Soft drinks can follow their history back to the mineral H2O found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to make and mineral H2O is said to hold healing powers. Scientists shortly discovered that gas carbonium or C dioxide is behind the bubbles in natural mineral H2O. Soft drinks by its term are drinks that are non alcoholic drinks. Carbonated soft drinks are besides referred to as sodium carbonate ( About. com. 2011 ) . What is particular about soft drinks is that it is really easy to happen and that all people could avail it. It is truly good in fulfilling thirst of an person. It gives a reviewing feeling particularly on a really hot conditions. Harmonizing to the research conducted by the Gale Group Farmington Hills Michigan ( 2008 ) . the soft drink industry began in the mid-1880s. During the early old ages. soft drinks were sold merely in shops that could supply fountain service. Increasing distribution was tied to constructing extra sirup fabrication workss. The first marketed soft drinks appeared in the seventeenth century as a mixture of H2O and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676 the Compagnie de Limonadiers was formed in Paris and granted a monopoly for the sale of its merchandises. Sellers carried armored combat vehicles on their dorsums from which they dispensed cups of lemonade. Sari-sari shops remains the largest distribution channel in 2011. little vicinity retail mercantile establishments called sari-sari shops accounted for the largest proportion of gross revenues in soft drinks. Located in vicinities. these mercantile establishments make merchandises easy accessible to lower- and middle-income consumers. particularly in provincial countries where modern channels such as convenience shops and supermarkets are located in retail centres that are far from residential countries. It should besides be noted that Filipino consumers typically do non purchase in majority and shop soft drinks merchandises at place. Therefore. sari-sari shops become a convenient channel for purchasing soft drinks in the favorite smaller and returnable glass packaging ( euromonitor. 2011 ) . For franchise one will necessitate a batch of collateral. The sum is based on the country of distribution. Soft drink franchise is profitable. but one should hold to watch out for a batch of things where one can lose money like breakage. larceny. etc. The trader should be 200 % hands-on because of the hard currency and tonss of recognition that will be handled. Based on the trial on the gross revenues office of Coca-cola. Pepsi-cola every bit good as Royal Crown in Cavite there are 52 soft drinks traders in the state. Soft imbibe franchises every bit good as other concerns contribute to the betterment in the economic status of people in a certain country or field and the community in general. Therefore. the profitableness of its operation is deserving analyzing. Statement of the Problem Specifically. the survey seeks to reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1. What are the socio economic features of soft drink traders in Cavite? 2. What is the income of soft drinks traders in Cavite? 3. What is the profitableness of soft drinks franchise concern? 4. What are the jobs encountered in soft drinks franchise? Conceptual Framework. The model of the survey which is composed of the socio-economic features as the input. the franchise as the procedure and the net income as the end product is shown in Figure 1. The socio-economic features of the soft drink traders such as age. gender and educational background will be the used as input in runing a franchise concern. The end product which is the net income of the concern will be based from the input which will be processed in runing the concern to bring forth the net income. Figure 1. Conceptual model of the profitableness of the soft drinks franchise in Cavite. Aims of the Study Generally. the survey will be undertaken to find the profitableness of soft drinks franchise in Cavite. Specifically. it aims to: 1. describe the socio-economic features of soft drink traders in Cavite ; 2. determine the income of soft drinks traders in Cavite ; 3. determine the profitableness of soft drinks franchise in Cavite ; 4. identify the jobs encountered in soft drink franchise concern. Importance of the Study The prospective investors can utilize this information as footing in make up ones minding to come in into the soft drinks franchise concern. This will supply a good beginning of informations for their feasibleness survey. The pupil and research workers can utilize the consequence of the survey as mention to hold a deeper survey about soft drink franchise in Cavite and other related researches. From the consequence of the survey. the soft drinks trader will hold an thought of the current state of affairs of other traders and compare their pricing schemes with the other soft drink traders in Cavite. Scope and Limitation of the Study This survey will be conducted to analyse the profitableness of soft drink franchise in Cavite. It will be conducted from October to December 2012. The respondents will be the proprietors. directors. or owner-managers of soft drink franchise concern. The survey focused chiefly on the socio-economic features of the respondents. income of soft drink traders and jobs encountered in soft drinks franchise concern. Lone traders of soft drinks such as Coca-cola. Pepsi- Cola and Royal Crown will be interviewed. Accounting minutess for one twelvemonth period. 2011 will be included in the analysis of income. The information that will be used in the survey will be limited to what the respondents will supply during the interview. Operational Definition of Footings. Cost of sale refers to an disbursal incurred by soft drinks traders which is obtained by multiplying the monthly gross revenues volume by unit cost. Gross income refers to the monthly sum hard currency sum received by soft drink traders from the concern. Net net income refers to the entire hard currency sum left to the soft drink trader after subtracting all relevant disbursals from the entire gross revenues. Profitableness is the ability of soft drink traders to better the fiscal place of the concern. The ratios that will be used are: Gross Net income Margin. Operating Net income Margin and Net Net income Margin. Gross saless volume refers to the monthly measure of soft drink sold by soft drink traders. Soft drinks is the chief merchandise traded by the soft drink traders to their consumers. This include carbonated drinks such as Coca-cola. Pepsi- Cola and Royal Crown. Soft drinks traders refer to the individual who sells soft drinks for hard currency. Entire cost/ disbursal refers to all disbursals incurred by soft drink traders in a month. Entire gross revenues refers to the entire sum of soft drinks sold in a month. It is obtained by multiplying the unit merchandising monetary value by the monthly gross revenues volume. METHODOLOGY. This chapter will discourse the research process to be used in the survey. This will be presented in the undermentioned subdivision: 1. ) research design. 2. ) beginning of informations. 3. ) informations assemblage process. 4. ) research instrument. 5. ) method of analysis. Research Design The cross- sectional study research design will be used in analyzing the profitableness of soft drink franchise in Cavite. This design will ease happening the replies to inquiries on socio-economic features of soft drink traders. income of soft drink traders. profitableness of soft drinks franchise and the jobs encountered in soft drink franchise concern. In the cross sectional study design. informations will be collected at one point in clip from October to December 2012 from a sample selected from a population at the peculiar clip. Beginnings of Data The respondents for this survey will be the soft drinks traders in Cavite. A list of soft drink traders in every town was requested from the gross revenues office of the different companies such as Coca-cola. Pepsi- Cola and Royal Crown Cola in Cavite. viz. : Alfonso. Amadeo. Bacoor. Carmona. Cavite City. Dasmarinas City. Gen. Trias. Imus. Indang. Kawit. Maragondon Naic. Noveleta. Rosario. Tagaytay. Tanza and Trece Martirez City. Merely towns that have soft drink traders will be included in the survey. Data Gathering Procedure The information to be used in the survey will be gathered through interviews with the assistance of questionnaires. Trial to the different towns of Cavite will be done to find the figure of soft drinks traders. Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents by merchandises and by towns. A sum of 52 respondents will be included in the survey. Table 1. Distribution of respondents by merchandises and by towns. PRODUCT/TOWNFREQUENCYPERCENTAGE Pepsi- Cola Carmona 2 4 Bacoor 3 6 Dasmarinas 3 6 G. M. A. 1 2 Silang 3 6 Coca-cola Amadeo 1 2 Bacoor 4 7 Cavite City 1 2 Dasmarinas 3 6 Gen. Trias 2 4 Imus 2 4 Indang 1 2 Kawit 1 2 Maragondon 1 2 Naic 1 2 Rosario 3 6 Tagaytay 1 2 Tanza 2 2 Ternate 1 4 Trece 1 2 Royal Crown Cola Alfonso 1 2 Bacoor 2 4 Carmona 2 4 Cavite metropolis 1 2 Dasmarinas 1 2 Gen. Trias 1 2 Imus 3 6 Noveleta 1 2 Silang 1 2 Tanza 1 4 Martirez 1 2 Entire 52 100 Percent Research Instrument The questionnaire will be used as the chief assemblage tool of informations. The questionnaire is divided into 5 parts. The first portion is about the general information of the respondents. The 2nd portion will concentrate on the signifier of concern organisation. and the 3rd portion will focus on on the patterns and schemes in doing net income. The 4th and the last portion include the concern income and outgos of the soft drink traders and the jobs encountered in soft drink franchise. Method of Analysis Frequency count and per centum will be used to depict the socio-economic features of soft drink traders. factors impacting the income of soft drink traders and jobs encountered by soft drinks traders. Fiscal tool such as profitableness ratios will be used to mensurate the earning capacity of the concern. The ratios that will be used are: Gross Net income Margin. Operating Net income Margin and Net Net income Margin. Gross net income border. Measures the per centum of each peso gross revenues staying after the house has paid for its goods. The higher the gross net income border. the better. the lower the comparative cost of merchandize sale. Gross net income border = Gross net income Gross saless Operating net income border. It determines the per centum of each peso gross revenues that is represented by runing net incomes. It measures the overall operating efficiency and incorporates all the disbursals associated with the ordinary or normal concern activities. Operating net income border =net runing income Net gross revenues Net net income border. See income after cost. Operating cost and revenue enhancements have been deducted. Net net income border is divided by net income after revenue enhancements by net gross revenues. In analysing the income of soft drink traders the expression that will used to work out the net income is: NI =TS – TC Where: NI = net income TS = entire gross revenues TC =total cost Return on disbursals. Measures the gaining power of the concern for every peso spent. It is obtained by spliting the net income after revenue enhancements by the entire disbursals. ROE= net income after revenue enhancements Entire expense REVIEW 0F RELATED LITERATURE Carbonated Soft drinks Dealers Soft drinks are liquids which contains C dioxide. In the old ages that followed. many fluctuations of carbonated drinks. the procedure of carbonation can happen of course belowground or unnaturally. it is through supercharging. Examples of carbonated drinks include spring H2O. beer and sodium carbonate. or dad. Best illustration is Coca-Cola which is the family name all over the universe. Makers of carbonated drinks use caramel colourising more than any other colour in the nutrient industry. Carbonated drinks can by and large be 90 percent H2O. They are most normally associated with being non-alcoholic. although by definition beer is besides a carbonated drink ( Jeanne. 2011 ) . Harmonizing to the Pinoy Progress Philippines. Com. The Filipino Beverage Industry is composed of companies bring forthing ice tea drinks. soft drinks and Colas. energy drinks. milk. juice drinks and mineral H2O. In the soft drinks or soda class Coca-Cola and Pepsi of the US dominate. The soft drinks section of this industry right now is dominated still by the two American giants–Coke and Pepsi ( pinoyprogress. com2012 ) . Royal crown soft drinks are besides the taking trade name of soft drinks for the Filipinos. Geting Filipinos to appreciate RC Cola. a century-old trade name founded in Columbus. Georgia is something that the local bottlers of RC Cola have been making daily for the past eight old ages ( Manila Bulletin. May16. 2011 ) . Pepsi Cola Products Philippines reported its gross revenues figured being down to $ 2. 74 million in 2008 from $ 3 million in 2007. This is expected to be a consequence of people’s turning orientation towards healthier drink options ( Filipino Beverage Industry. 2009 ) . Consumption of and Gross saless of soft drinks The ingestion of carbonated soft drinks is high. and is fast making impregnation. So future growing in the Philippine soft drinks market is expected to come from non-carbonated soft drinks. says â€Å"Philippines Food and Drinks Market: Emerging Opportunities† . the latest research on the Filipino nutrient and drinks market ( Philippines Food and Drinks Market: Emerging Opportunities. Feb. 2009 ) . Status of gross revenues in soft drink industry has been good public presentation over the recent old ages. Enjoying high per capita ingestion among Asiatic states. The gross revenues of soft drinks are expected to come to make 6 Billion Liters in 2008. 23 % up over 2005 ( Philippines Food and Drinks Market: Emerging Opportunities. Feb. 2009 ) . Small retail mercantile establishment which is called sari- saree shops is accounted for the largest proportion of gross revenues in soft drinks. Because it is easy accessible to lower- and middle-income consumers. particularly in provincial countries where modern channels such as convenience shops and supermarkets are located in retail Centres that are far from residential countries ( Euromonitor. com2012 ) . In the Philippines. the competition in the carbonated drinks becomes stronger. The Coca-Cola Export Corp remains the unchallenged leader in the Philippine soft drinks class. The Coca-Cola Co is able to provide to lower-income consumers through its fully-owned subordinate Cosmos Bottling Corp. which manufacturer’s competitively-priced regional trade names ( Euromonitor. com2012 ) . Harmonizing to the research conducted by the Canadian Beverage Association ( 2009 ) . gross revenues tend to be seasonal. with higher ingestion happening during the hotter summer months. Unusually cold or showery conditions during the summer months can hold a negative impact on gross revenues. Aside for carbonated drinks. bottled H2O and fruit juice will be the most profitable in the non carbonated soft drinks in the market. Many factors impacting the gross revenues of soft drinks industry â€Å"Growing wellness consciousness and wellness safety concerns among Filipinos will be the cardinal make up ones minding factors of this growth† † . says an analyst at RNCOS. Other factors. including turning immature population. lifting income and switching consumer penchant are besides likely to add to the growing of wellness drink market in the state ( S. C 2009 ) . Problems Encountered by Soft drinks Industry Harmonizing to the research conducted by the Euromonitor’s squad. the twelvemonth of 2011 is a really ambitious twelvemonth for the soft drinks industry in the Philippines. Because of the economic back bead. shorter summer periods and higher inflationary force per unit area. the industry’s entire volume gross revenues contracted ( Euromonitor. com. 2012 ) . Increased competition from other non-alcoholic drinks. in peculiar bottled H2O. but besides drinks such as fruit/vegetable-based drinks. energy drinks. athleticss drinks and relaxation drinks. has given consumers more beverage picks. Changing consumer penchants and demographics. with a larger section of older consumers who are progressively concerned about their ain wellness. and concerns about fleshiness have resulted in an increased demand for new merchandises ( Canadian Beverage Association. 2009 ) .

Chronic Disease Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chronic Disease Paper - Essay Example According to Andrew Prentice, professor of international nutrition at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK, he finds developing countries facing a â€Å"double burden of disease†. Nutrition and life styles play a major role where chronic diseases are concerned. Cancer occurs or develops when the abnormal cells in ones body grow rapidly out of control. Normally, the cells in our body grow, divide and die in a systematic fashion. When the person is young, the cells grow rapidly until the person reaches adulthood after which the cells in the body mostly divide to repair any injury or to replace the dead or worn – out cells. In the case of Cancer, the cells are much different than normal cells. They keep on growing and dividing replacing the normal cells with abnormal ones. Cancer occurs because of the damage caused to the DNA which is present in every cell and conducts all our activities. Usually, when the DNA becomes damaged, the body is in a position to repair it. But in case the cells are cancerous, the DNA is not repaired. Damaged DNA can also be inherited and therefore can get cancer later on in life. Substances in the environment can damage the DNA, such as smoke from tobacco. Cancer cells often travel to different parts of the body where they take root and grow and multiply while replacing normal tissue. The process by which this takes place is called â€Å"Metastasis†. Most of the Cancers form tumors but in the case of leukemia no tumor is formed but instead these cells flow with the blood and circulate through the blood forming organs. Different types of cancer react differently to different types of treatment. All cancers are not life threatening. The tumors may be benign or non-cancerous and do not spread or metastasize to the various parts of the body. They multiply at a different pace and needs a

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Writer's choice - Essay Example Women have for long suffered the effects of such atrocities since it is almost acceptable that they deserve the demeaning treat. You are then left to wonder what driving force must have marshaled such devastating thought (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar, 174-175). Much is already known that has been done to discriminate against the woman, however the question stays; that what is this that has consequentially led to such a looming crisis which unfortunately doesn’t seem to go soon? This leaves us with this inevitable task of crisscrossing the fundamentals amounting to gender biases. This underlying conception turns out to be a belief system set by the society. It is by the societal branding that women play such a demeaning role of subjects to all mannerisms. This in effect lowers their esteem which eventually makes them live in a sense of denial. It is kind of a bias that acts like an undue punishment that a negative yet lasting results. I may liken this to a classroom scenario that involves a teacher and a student. The teacher who keeps on giving negative remarks when the student answers a question, would make this student believe that they aren’t good enough to race on with the rest (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar 174). Few examples in real life situation back up this topic. One, it is evident that men play most leading roles in formal organizations and structures. In top management hierarchies, there is male domination on a global scale based on detailed observation of their profiles. The converse is unfortunately true that the female sex dominates the lower level ladders of such hierarchies. This overwhelming population at the lower ranks is to compensate for their biasness in the top hierarchy; which again gives a misconception of gender balance (Quisar, Hameed & Aamar 176). Unfortunately this undoing also is also reported in most of the cases in homes. Couples have yet more often confirmed that gender biasness and

Business Essays London Cinema Plan

Business Essays London Cinema Plan West London Gold Class Cinema Business Plan. Executive Summary Negotiations have been undertaken to purchase the West London cinema in Hammersmith. This is a small, family run cinema which has been having trouble competing since a new multiplex cinema opened in the new shopping centre in Shepherds Bush. The purpose of this business plan is to seek funding for the purchase of the West London cinema and for the transformation of part of it into a Gold Class or VIP type cinema. This transformation will involve the renovation of one of the screens, decoration in a classy, movie theme style and the building of a kitchen and bar area. Gold Class will give patrons the opportunity to watch blockbuster movies from the comfort of luxurious, reclining lounge chairs while enjoying food and drinks brought directly to them. If this concept works, then the prospective owners intend to repeat their success in other run down cinemas across the country. Business Summary The business objectives are to develop one of the current cinemas (which has capacity for 250 patrons) into three Gold Class cinemas each having seating for 30 patrons, decorate the lobby area in a movie theme style and build a kitchen and bar area. Once the necessary renovations have been completed, the owners will need to obtain the necessary licensing permissions, hire staff and market the concept. Current Situation and Background At present West London Cinema is a small, three-screen, family run cinema in West London. While it has seating capacity for 750 patrons, the run down nature of the cinema means that on most nights it fails to realise its potential. The cinema has had a relatively steady customer base, but the recent opening of a multiplex cinema complex in Shepherds Bush has meant that patron numbers have been down. Even before the opening of the new multiplex cinema, the cinema had already been suffering a downturn since its heyday in the mid-1980s due to external factors. These have included a rise in property prices slowly changing the demographics of the people who live in the area, shifting customer entertainment habits (people have many more entertainment options available to them today) and the fact that the window between a release in the cinema and subsequently on DVD has been shrinking and movie piracy issues. While these issues have affected the cinema in a negative way, these are also the issues on which the prospective owners believe they can capitalise. This downturn in patron numbers has meant that the cinema is unlikely to make a profit this year and with the current owners not having the funds to invest into upgrading the cinema, it is likely that the this year will be only the start of a downward earnings trend for them. In light of this, the current owners have decided to sell the cinema while it is still showing some profit. This has created the opportunity which is set out in this business plan. Financial Situation and Legal Requirements West London Cinema has been owned by the same family since 1975. It has always prided itself on its friendly atmosphere and reasonable prices. Unfortunately, the owners have not always ploughed the cinemas profits back into the business and as such, it has become a little run down with increasing numbers of complaints about uncomfortable seating, poor screen resolution and a unimpressive sound system. The owners wish to borrow  £250,000 pounds to achieve their business objectives. With respect to legal requirements, the owners will need a liquor licence, building approval from their local authority, a hygiene inspection of their kitchen and advice from a solicitor as to whether or not they are able to trademark the Gold Class name. Industry Analysis Industry Description The cinema industry as a whole is facing challenges from many sides. Consolidation within the UK market means that four groups (Terra Firma, Blackstone, Vue and National Amusements) now own over 70% of UK screens. This consolidation means that the larger cinemas are better placed to meet the challenges of a quickly changing marketplace. Unfortunately, the losers in this consolidation of the marketplace and the emerging challenges to the cinema have been the small, family run cinemas. Industry Growth Across the industry, revenue growth has been quite strong with exhibitor revenue rising by 59% from 1998 to 2004 to over  £900 million (made up of  £650 million net box office sales,  £204 million net concession revenue and  £63 million cinema advertising). Most of this revenue growth was in the multiplex part of the market where it was noted that the four leading cinema groups had been able to raise their prices even in the face of declining DVD prices. This shows that demand for the cinema experience is more than just the watching of a movie and that a market does potentially exist which the larger multiplexes fail to cater for and that can be exploited by the more agile, smaller cinemas. Future Industry Developments The increase in other entertainment options, for instance computer games, pubs, home cinemas and the ever shrinking window between the release of a movie in the cinema and then onto DVD means that the future of the cinema industry is uncertain. The trend towards consolidation will no doubt continue, but it is interesting to note that the number of multiplexes opening has plateaued, with an average of 25 a year opening between 1998 and 2002, only 6 were opened in 2004. This perhaps signals that the multiplex market has reached its full potential and that the marketplace is stabilising. However, the stabilisation of the market at the top end does not as yet seem to have filtered down to the smaller cinemas and as such, many continue having trouble turning a profit. It is the owners belief that the current market is ideal for the development of a new concept which gives movie patrons an entirely unique cinema experience Gold Class. Market Summary Market Analysis The four possible ways in which the market can be defined are: multiplex cinemas; all cinemas; all ways of watching films (including cinemas, DVDs and pay-television); and all ways of using discretionary spend (including films, going to pubs, clubs or other ways of spending time and money in or out of the home). As noted above, it is the prospective owners view that cinemas can no longer focus on the narrow definition of the market. Some guidance can be taken from the multiplexes which offer patrons an experience. Often these cinemas are attached to shopping centres and as such going to the cinema is simply part of a persons shopping day. Multiplexes, like the shopping centres to which they are appended, rely on the principle that if something is large and loud, no one will dare to think that it is anything but the best and it must be said that they do this well. Teenagers are particularly impressed by this logic. However, to the same extent that teenagers are drawn to large and loud multiplexes, older patrons are repelled by them. Market Segmentation Cinema patrons generally fall within the 15-24 year age group with over 53% of people surveyed in this age group having attended the cinema once a month or more. This declines within the 25-34 year old age group to 34% and further within the 35+ age group to 16%. These figures reflect perhaps the fact that older cinema patrons who do not enjoy the nature of multiplexes have limited options with respect to indulging in a cinema experience. Furthermore, along with work and family commitments, older cinema patrons have less free time available to them and more options with respect to how to spend that time. This means that they are more likely to want to spend more money when they do go out to make sure that they utilise their time optimally. Market Research The purpose of the market research undertaken was to determine whether the Gold Class concept has been successful elsewhere, to gauge whether or not Hammersmith is the best location for a Gold Class cinema and to establish a price point for Gold Class tickets, food and drinks. The market research allowed the prospective owners to establish that the Gold Class concept has proven successful in Australia. While it was not possible to obtain financial figures, the prospective owners were able to determine that the concept has been around for several years and they were able to test it for themselves (a sample menu from an Australian Gold Class cinema is attached at Appendix A and can also be found here: http://www.greaterunion.com.au/goldclass/moviemenu.asp). In order to determine whether or not Hammersmith was a reasonable location for a Gold Class cinema, the prospective owners researched the demographic trends and the types of new businesses that were opening in the area. They found that many new business were opening and established businesses were being renovated to meet the tastes of the new residents moving into the area. As such, it was concluded that Hammersmith was a suitable location for a Gold Class cinema. Establishing price points for Gold Class tickets, food and drinks was quite difficult as the measures against which these price points can be determined are not perfect substitutes for each other (ie does a portion of fish and chips in a Gold Class cinema equate to the same meal in a pub?). It was decided that the only feasible approach was to go for higher price points, but offer various promotions which would mean that most people would not end up paying the full advertised price. Competition Analysis As noted, the market is extremely concentrated with the multiplexes taking a lions share of box office receipts. At the other end of the cinema market, are small, family run cinemas which are often seen by the public as being run down and in need of renovation, but priced competitively. There is little between these two extremes. However, while the multiplexes offer a certain type of experience, the prospective owners believe that there is still a potential untapped niche which small cinemas can exploit and which the multiplexes would have trouble competing with in the short term. Other potential competitors are similar niche cinemas which focus on selling a lifestyle (eg cinemas which only screen independent movies). Taking a broader view of the market in which cinemas compete, the market would be the entertainment market generally. People have a limited amount of disposable income and a limited amount of time which can be spent on entertainment. As such, cinemas are also competing with bars, sporting events, home cinemas, travel and restaurants. It is submitted that Gold Class cinemas would be a strong competitor in the general entertainment market at a niche level. Competition Strengths The main competitor for the proposed Gold Class cinema is the multiplex cinema in Shepherds Bush. The multiplexes strength lies in its buying power and the cinema chains ability to obtain the latest blockbusters at the earliest possible opportunity. Due to the multiplexes size, it has the flexibility to offer promotions and tie-ins beyond anything that a small cinema can offer. In the broader sense, the cinemas other competition comes from the various restaurants and pubs found in the surrounding vicinity. However, they are not necessarily direct competitors and are not mutually exclusive unlike the multiplex (ie a person may go to Gold Class and then a pub, but they are unlikely to go to the multiplex and then Gold Class). That said, the fact that Gold Class will offer food and alcohol means that competition between the cinema and restaurants and pubs in the vicinity will increase. Competition Weaknesses The multiplexes main weakness is that it does not cater particularly well to the older market of cinema patron. Furthermore, at present it does not offer a Gold Class experience and due to its business model of trying to fill large cinemas, it is unlikely that it would move towards a model which relied on creating smaller, more intimate cinemas. Likewise, it is difficult to imagine restaurants and pubs being able to compete directly with a cinema. They both offer sufficiently different experiences to customers and it is more difficult for restaurants and pubs to add on a movie-like equivalent than it is for a cinema to offer food and alcohol. Development and Production Sales and Marketing Unique selling point At present cinemas in the UK do not offer a dedicated Gold Class or VIP cinema going experience. In cases in which such an offering has been tried in the UK, for example, the UGC chain, the idea has met with problems due to the fact that a single cinema isnt dedicated to the Gold Class experience, rather, premium seating is attached to the back section of a standard cinema. In this case, the intention is for the West London cinema to have three cinema screens dedicated for premium customers. The prospective owners recognise the demographic shift in the area around the cinema. With house prices steadily rising, the area around Hammersmith has transformed into a hub for city working people with large amounts of disposable income. This change has been mirrored in the types of new shops and eateries opening up to cater to them. These new residents are willing to spend money for a premium and individual experience. Media and promotion strategy The intention would be to choose high headline price points but at the same time offer promotional offers which would ensure that most customers never pay the full rate. The media and promotion strategy would focus on teaming up with local businesses and newspapers to offer special promotional packages (for example, the local florist could offer a two for one deal with each bunch of roses sold). Advertising campaign The advertising campaign would be highly targeted and local. It is assumed that people are unlikely to travel a long way to attend a cinema (especially if they have a local one close by). As such, the goal would be to focus on local customers and to ensure that they remained regulars. Budget A large marketing budget would not necessary as the focus would be on offering promotions such as half price tickets during the day and/or two for the price of one deals can be offered in conjunction with various local business/newspapers reducing marketing costs substantially. As the Gold Class cinema experience is unique, and marketed as an indulgence, it is suggested that many local businesses would be willing to be involved in such promotional activities. While actual advertising costs will be low, printing and distribution costs will still need to be considered. Management The prospective owners of the cinema are the brothers James and Jack West. James West has recently completed his MBA and is working for one of the UKs largest cinema distribution companies. Jack West currently works as an advertising executive. In anticipation of a sale, the current owners have taken the last three months to show James and Jack the operational side to running a cinema. Both Jack and James intend to invest  £250,000 of their own money and take on this project full-time. In addition, James and Jack have already approached a friend who runs a small restaurant to assist them with the preparation of a suitable menu and have had plans for the refurbishment prepared. It is intended that James manage the operational side of the cinema while Jack concentrate on the marketing. Projected sales and pricing strategy Pricing strategy A regular ticket at West London cinema is currently  £4 during the day and  £6 in the evening for an adult. Gold class tickets will be priced at  £8 during the day and  £12 in the evening. In addition patrons will be able to buy food and drinks which will be brought into them while the movie is playing. The average price of food items and alcoholic drinks will be approximately  £5  £10. Financial Considerations The current owners hold a long-term leasehold interest over the premises at which the cinema is located. The main costs incurred by a cinema relate to the percentage of box office takings that go to the film distribution companies. The intention behind the Gold Class concept, along with offering patrons the ultimate cinema experience, is to try to increase revenue from those areas of the business which are not subject to distribution company payments (ie food and alcohol). Projected Sales At present West London cinemas three screens have box office sales of  £174,000 to which can be added sales from the kiosk and advertising, taking annual turnover for the cinemas to  £228,000. 25% to 50% of the box office takings go to the film distribution companies. Along with running costs and wages, gross profits for the cinema last financial year were  £56,000. As one cinema will be converted into three Gold Class each having 50 seats, projected box office receipts are expected to remain the same or rise slightly (less seats at a higher price) but more income is expected to be generated from food and alcohol sales. It is anticipated that food and alcohol sales will add  £25,000 to the cinemas turnover with  £10,000 of this going on higher staff wages meaning that gross profit will be an extra  £15,000 per annum. Appendix 1 Three Years profit and loss accounts 2008 2009 2010 Sales 300,000 500,000 1,000,000 Costs of Sales (112,500) (187,500) (375,000) Gross Profit 187,500 312,500 625,000 Expenses: Advertising 25,000 15,000 10,000 Bank Charges 100 100 100 Insurance 1,000 1,000 1,000 Interest 20,000 20,000 20,000 Legal Accounting 3,000 1,000 1,000 Office Expenses 500 500 500 Postage 250 250 250 Rent 15000 15000 15000 Wages 60,000 60,000 60,000 Telephone 1,000 1,000 1,000 Utilities 1,000 1,000 1,000 Total Expenses 126,850 114,850 109,850 Net Income 60,650 197,650 515,150 Appendix 2 Three years Balance Sheets Assets 2008 2009 2010 Current Assets: Cash 675,000 870,000 1,365,000 Inventory 15,000 15,000 15,000 Other Current Assets 10,000 10,000 10,000 Total Current Assets 700,000 895,000 1,390,000 Long Term Assets 20,000 20,000 20,000 Fixed Assets 50,000 50,000 50,000 Property, plant and equipment 25,000 25,000 25,000 Accumulated Depreciation 5,000 10,000 15,000 Total Assets 800,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 Liabilities and Stockholders Equity Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable 112,500 187,500 375,000 Current Borrowing 250,000 200,000 150,000 Other Current Liabilities 126,850 114,850 109,850 Total Current Liabilities 489,350 502,350 634,850 Long Term Liabilities 60,650 60,650 60,650 Total Liabilities 550,000 563,000 695,500 Total Equity 250,000 463,000 804,500 Total Liabilities and Stockholders Equity 800,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 Appendix 3- SWOT Analysis of Business Strengths: The obtaining of a liquor licence gives the cinema a competitive advantage which is sustainable to a degree. It is unlikely that planning permission for a new cinema would be given by the local Council. As such, as far as cinemas go, a customers only option is to either attend this cinema or the multiplex. Weaknesses: It is not possible to protect the intellectual property behind the concept of a Gold Class cinema. Patrons are only likely to pay a premium price for a movie when blockbuster movies are released. A lack of hit movies could make it difficult to sell tickets. Opportunities: There are plenty of small, family run cinemas which are currently struggling. The depressed market and the Gold Class concept give the owners the opportunity to purchase cinemas at a reasonable price and turn them back into profitable enterprises. Threats: The Gold Class concept relies on people willing to spend a little more to enjoy a more luxurious cinema experience. If the economy was to falter, value added businesses like Gold Class cinemas would be the hardest hit. If the concept proved to be a success, there is nothing stopping the multiplexes from offering a similar service. There is a threat that by offering alcohol in the cinema, the problems associated with anti-social behaviour could follow. Appendix 4 Market Segments When assessing the market segments, it is important not to focus too narrowly. While the Gold Class cinema concept may seem to appeal to only a niche market, the fact that most, if not all, adults in the country have been at some point in their lives been to a cinema to see a movie means that those potential customers already share a common conceptual language making it much easier to appeal to them. It is much more difficult to appeal to someone and have them try something they have never done before. As noted above, the percentage of people who often go to the cinema drops off sharply from the age of twenty five. One of the reasons for this is that the choices of entertainment available as people become older increases and the impression of cinemas is that it is the haunt of teenagers who arent old enough to get into bars. However, this is the segment of the market with the most disposable income, who have happy recollections of going to the cinema as youths and are now expect a more grown up experience when going to the cinema. This is the market segment to which Gold Class aims to appeal. BIBLIOGRAPHY Corrigan, P. (2006), The Sociology of Consumption, Sage Publications, London

Operations Management

The process type McDonald's uses is batch process because there are moderate volume and moderate variety in their products and services. McDonald's products are semi-standardized as they are stocked pre cooked. When a customer makes an order, the product is then prepared. This shows high flexibility, for example, a customer orders a special order of McCracken without lettuce, the order will be processed within minutes. There is also high volume of production as McDonald's serves thousands of customers dally. Inning a batch process means that the speed of delivery Is dependent upon the speed and experience of the Individual worker. This process supports the business of McDonald's as they will be able to process the different types orders to cater to the different needs of customers, In the shortest time possible. To achieve that, moderate skill level of workers is required. The advantages of batch process are that it allows workers to specialist in specific lobscouse and use the speci alist equipment, different batches of different production an be made.On the other hand, there are also disadvantages of batch process. Firstly, specialization means that the workers are doing repetitive jobs, which can result to boredom. Secondly, the machinery needs to be reset and cleaned in between batches. This can be time consuming which in turns slows down the production. Also, when the hamburgers are produced by batches, they would keep them for as long as possible and eventually discard them if they were not sold. This will increase the cost for McDonald's. Operations Management OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: as a competitive weapon mks [email  protected] ac. in http://mks507. vistapanel. net Prof. (Dr. ) Manoj K Srivastava Operations Management Area 1. The Systems Approach C O N T E N T S 2. 3. OM Definition Ten Critical Decisions 4. 5. The Cases 4V Typology of Operations 6. 7. Productivity Competitiveness 8. 9. Manufacturing Vs. Service? The History 10. The Future 1 Systems Approach Systems Approach Reduce waste†¦or enhance output†¦ 2 OM Definition What is Operations Management? What is Operations? a function or system that transforms inputs into outputs of greater valueOperations management (OM) is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS †¢ †¢ Physical: Locational: as in manufacturing operations as in transportation operations What is a Transformation Process? a series of activities along a value chain extending from supplier to customer. activiti es that do not add value are superfluous and should be eliminated †¢ †¢ Exchange: Physiological: as in retail operations as in health care What is Operations Management? esign, operation, and improvement of productive systems †¢ †¢ Psychological: Informational: as in entertainment as in communication Value Engineering / Value Analysis ? Use ? Esteem ? Time ? Place 3 What Operations Managers do? ? Service, product design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Quality management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Process, capacity design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Location †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ten Critical Decisions ? Layout design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Human resources, job design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Supply-chain management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Inventory management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ? Scheduling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Maintenance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 The Cases Britannica StoryInvite your enemy onto the roof, then remove the ladder Sun tzu The Art of War 36 Stratagems 1988 1988-93 Britannica (Leader, 230 years experience, 1768), $1000 Microsoft encyclopedia from funk & Wagnall’s encyclopedia Searchability, Multimedia, Graphics, Timeline (20 feet), cross-links, updating 1993 1995 Price $300 (cost of CD:$1) (in-fact you can purchase encarta encyclopedia + a PC in Britannica price) Britannica has to jump in a business which was not its strength, Price still $1000 1997 Reduced to $125, later on free online, crashed twice Innovation in Operations McDonald’s Corp Olympic Flame ? ? ? Facing Increased Competition Smarter and More Demanding Customers Less Brand Loyal Switched to hamburger bun that does not require toasting. ? Customers prefer taste of new bun ? Saves time an d money, QSVC Model ? ? ? ? 10,000 runners 15,000 miles through 42 states in 84 days Two years of planning Must plan for no-show runners and rush hour traffic ? Cost of this operation in the neighbourhood of $20 million Innovation in Operations Ginger Hotel BillDesk No-frills, June 2004 No room service, travel desk, swimming pool Wi-fi, Two type of room: Rs. 999 and Rs. 1199, Prabhat Pani, CEO, Roots CorporationBillDesk, a property of IndiaIdeas. com Ltd. , 2000 Three Arthur Anderson Executives Third-party bill collection 25 Banks, 100 companies Just apply today. It only takes a few minutes. Once you're approved, you get your very own Zipcard. Reserve one of our cars – for a couple hours or the entire Day. Do it online or use a phone. We're easy. Walk to the car, then just hold your Zipcard to the windshield. The doors will unlock, and it's all yours! Drive away†¦ and return to the same reserved parking spot at the end of your reservation. It's that simple. And remember, gas and insurance are included too. 5Operations typology: 4V Approach Differences within sectors are often greater than the differences between sectors Financial services An account management centre at a large retail bank Financial analyst advising a client at an investment bank Furniture manufacturing Mass production of kitchen units Craft production of reproduction ‘antique’ furniture Hotels Value-for-money hotel Lobby of an international luxury hotel A Typology of Operations: 4 V’s Low Volume High High how many products or services are made by the operation? how many different types of products or services are made by the operation?High Variety Low High Variation in demand Low how much does the level of demand change over time? how much of the operation’s internal working are ‘exposed’ to its customers? High Visibility Low Implications Low repetition Each staff member performs more of job Less systemization High unit costs Flexible Comple x Match customer needs High unit costs Changing capacity Anticipation Flexibility In touch with demand High unit costs Short waiting tolerance Satisfaction governed by customer perception Customer contact skills needed Received variety is high High unit costs A Typology of Operations ImplicationsHigh repeatability Specialization Capital intensive Low unit costs Well defined Routine Standardized Regular Low unit costs Stable Routine Predictable High utilization Low unit costs Time lag between production and consumption Standardization Low contact skills High staff utilization Centralization Low unit costs Low Volume High High High Variety Low High Variation in demand Low High Visibility Low 6 Productivity Effectiveness Efficiency Productivity Types of Productivity Single Factor Productivity Output Labor Output Materials Output is of quality nature Output Capital Multifactor ProductivityOutput Labor + Materials + Overheads Output Labor + Energy + Capital Total Factor Productivity Good s and Services Produced All inputs used to produce them America West’s Reverse Pyramid system This is in contrast to the approach used by many airlines of just boarding all seats starting from the back of the plane and working forward. 7 Competitiveness Competitiveness The degree to which a nation can produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets while simultaneously maintaining or expanding the real incomes of its citizens. A firm is competitive if it can produce products [†¦ of superior quality or lower costs than its domestic and international competitors. (US-President`s Commission on Industrial Competitiveness 1985, S. 6) Global Competitiveness Ranking 1. Switzerland 2. Sweden 3. Singapore 4. United States 5. Germany 6. Japan 7. Finland 8. Netherlands 9. Denmark India 51 10. Canada China 27 Competition Within Industries Increases When ? Firms are relatively equal in size and resources ? Products and services are standardized ? Industry growt h is slow or exponential Barriers to Entry ? ? Economies of scale Learning curves Capital investment Access to supply and distribution channels 8 Manufacturing vs. services Degree of Servitization Manufacturing and Service Employment Manufacturing Employment and Production Services as % of GDP Tangibility Spectrum Economic Offerings can determine prior to purchasing can only be discerned after purchase or during consumption or use customer must believe in, but cannot personally evaluate even after purchase & consumption Differences Between Goods and Services Intangibility Heterogeneity Simultaneous Perishability Production & Consumption 9 History of OM Five Eras of Operations Management Journey of Operations Management Adam Smith uge increases in productivity obtainable from technology or technological progress are possible match human and physical capital, Division of labor Eli Whitney †¢ †¢ In 1798, received government contract to make 10,000 muskets Showed that machine tools could make standardized parts to exact specifications – Musket parts could be used in any musket Significant events in operations management ? ? ? ? Division of labor Standardized parts Scientific management Coordinated assembly line (Smith (Whitney (Taylor (Ford 1776) 1800) 1881) 1913) ? ? ? Gantt charts Motion study Quality control (Gantt (Gilbreths (Shewhart 1916) 1922) 1924) 10Where are we going? Exciting New Challenges in Operations Management Changing Challenges Past Local or national focus Batch (large) shipments Causes Low-cost, reliable worldwide communication and transportation networks Cost of capital puts pressure on reducing investment in inventory Global Focus Future Just-in-time shipments Low-bid purchasing Quality emphasis requires that suppliers be engaged in product improvement Shorter life cycles, rapid international communication, computer-aided design, and international collaboration Affluence and worldwide markets; increasingly flexible production processes Changing sociocultural milieu.Increasingly a knowledge and information society. Environmental issues, ISO 14000, increasing disposal costs Supply-chain partners Rapid product development, alliances, collaborative designs Mass customization Empowered employees, teams, and lean production Environmentally sensitive production, Green manufacturing, recycled materials, remanufacturing Lengthy product development Standardized products Job specialization Low cost focus Operations Management QUESTION 1 Operations management must be managed properly in order to improve an organization’s productivity and profitability. In the Cadbury World case, several micro and macro processes are involved and those processes bring some impacts to Cadbury World. Thus, Cadbury World must possess a sustainable micro and macro processes to achieve the best outcome and performance. Micro processes that involved are easily to manage compared to macro processes because macro processes are hard to manage or manipulate (Jae, Shim, Joel & Siegel, 1999).As a result, Cadbury World must put more efforts in solving the obstacles and troubles that occurred within the macro processes. First of foremost, we will be discussing the micro processes that involved in Cadbury World case. Within the micro processes, they can make some planning on their operation and strategic management processes to enhance their business and profitability. Micro Processes| Explanation and elaboration| Company| * Cadbur y has set up a team to improve their operation management. * More tickets collectors have been assigned in the exhibition centre to manage and help visitors when they need assistance. Cadbury is always open for criticism, feedbacks and recommendation to improve their operation management. | Customers | * Cadbury always attempting to fulfill all the requirements and needs from their customers and ensure their customers will have a wonderful trip in their exhibition centre. * This is because customers will affect their reputation and brand name if they are not satisfying with the services and products that provided (Galloway, 1998). * Other than that, Cadbury has launched some new products and add more elements into their exhibition programme to attract more visitors and customers. Competitors| * Cadbury World has implemented SWOT analysis to identify their strengths and weaknesses and also the opportunities and threats from their outside environment. So that, they are able to gain th e competitive advantage among their competitors. | Intermediaries| * Cadbury requires several marketing intermediaries in promoting their activities and products. * As such, they have selected some marketing intermediaries to promote this Cadbury World exhibition event and help them to gain the profits. | Suppliers| * It is crucial to select the best suppliers to enhance the production of Cadbury.Due to this, Cadbury has implemented some analysis and works when choosing their suppliers because they always ensure their products have the high quality that can fulfill every customer’s requirements. | Table 1: Micro processes as applied to the case Cadbury World Macro Processes| Description | Demographic| * Several analysis have been implemented to analyze the preference and needs among people from different demographic profile. * This is because demographic profile is crucial when managing the requirements from different customers. Those analysis can be done according to several groups such as gender, age group, nationality, likeliness. | Natural| * Cadbury always seek for alternatives although their natural resources are still available and still able to support their operation and production. * This is because they believed that natural resources will be finished exploited in one day. So that, they want to put some efforts before the day to come. | Economic| * Economic trend must be aware from time to time to prevent Cadbury World business being affected during the economic crisis. Technological| * Cadbury always conscious and aware with the new technological and applied the technological elements into their operation system to gain the higher profits. * Besides, with the technological elements such as automated system or centralized system can help their operation system become more efficient and easy to manage the visitors that entering their exhibition centre. | Table 2: Macro processes as applied to the case Cadbury World Figure 1: Input-Transformati on-Output model (Cadbury World case) The model of input-transformation-output in Cadbury World case has been displayed in Figure 1 above.This model consisted of micro and macro processes because as mentioned earlier, micro and macro processes are very important for the operation processes in an organization. From the figure above, we will be discussing the micro processes of Cadbury World case in the form of input-transformation-output model. Those micro processes are company, customers, suppliers and competitors. Cadbury needs a lot of human resources such as manpower to carry out their daily operations process. Those manpower with the technological methods are essential to convert the raw materials from the input to the transformation process   (Tilanus, 1997).After that, the incomplete goods that in the transformation process will turn into the outputs which are products and goods that introduce to the markets. When the products introduced to market, Cadbury may get some feedba cks from publics or their customers and also their competitors. Hence, Cadbury must do some amendment on their operation processes within the internal management in their organization or review their suppliers to enhance their operation process. QUESTION 2 Process flow chart to show the ways of customers are being processed through the operation from start to finishThe process design that adopted by Cadbury World case is the product-based layout because the arrangement of the equipments in every section of the exhibition centre are clearly displayed in a logical sequence. Hence, the process design can provide the better understanding to their visitors if they wish to take a tour without guiding. This is because the product-based layout can eliminate the confusion of the visitors as the process flow is predictable and repeatable (Thompson, 1967)  . QUESTION 3 3. 1: The capacity of each processes in question 2 above The entrance 5-20 visitors x (60 minutes / 2-1/2 minutes) =  360- 480 visitors per hour The Marie Cadbury room * Original design (70 visitors x 1/3) x [60 minutes / (5 minutes + 1-2 minutes + 4 minutes)] =  131-144 visitors per hour * Peak times 70 visitors x [60 minutes / (5 minutes + 1-2 minutes + 4 minutes)] =  382-420 visitors per hour The packaging plant 30 visitors x [60 minutes / (3 minutes + 8 minutes) =  164 visitors per hour The demonstration area (15 visitors x 8 guides) x (60 minutes / 6-17 minutes) =  424-1200 visitors per hour * The shop [(60 minutes x 60 seconds)/15 seconds] x 3 checkouts =  720 visitors per hour * The restaurant: If the tables are allowed to sit with different families or groups of visitors (60 minutes/25 minutes) x 169 covers =  406 visitors per hour * If the tables are allowed to sit with one family or same group of visitors (60 minutes/25 minutes) x 53 tables =  128 visitors per hour The coffee and ice-cream  parlour (60 minutes/18 minutes) x 46 covers =  154 visitors per hour 3. 2: The project ed annual, weekly and hourly demand from the data in the case (Mid August to end of December 4. 5 months). Explain  the impact of seasonality on these figures. 1. The Entrance: 2. 5 minutes 2. The Marie Cadbury Room: 10 – 11 minutes 3.The Packaging Plant: 11 minutes 4. The Demonstration Area: 6 – 17 minutes 5. The Shop: 15 seconds = 0. 25 minutes 6. The Restaurant: 25 minutes 7. The coffee and ice-cream Parlour: 18 minutes After reviewing the case of Cadbury World, we can understand that the time required for each station in the case of Cadbury World when during the normal period are 84. 75 minutes / 3. 53 hours and 72. 75 / 3. 03 hours during the peak periods. Therefore, the projected demand are as below:- 1. Annual demand = 4. 5 x 30 x (3. 03 – 3. 53) = 409. 05 – 476. 55 hours 2. Weekly demand = 7 x (3. 03 – 3. 53) = 21. 21 – 24. 71 hours 3.Hourly demand = 3. 03 – 3. 53 hours Holiday season, weather, national celebration or event such as election can cause some impacts of seasonality that affect Cadbury World business and operation. From the Cadbury World case, the period of the exhibition event is held from mid of August to the end of December. During that period, Halloween and Christmas might influence their operation as people may wish to take a short travel to refresh themselves during these holidays. As such, Cadbury World can be a better selection. However, when the demand of seasonality increased, Cadbury World needs extra capacities to support their operation.If not, they will face some bottlenecks and affect their overall performance and profitability. QUESTION 4 4. 1 The ways that Cadbury world management has varied capacity to respond to changes in demand When the business of an organization is boosted up, this means that the demand has been increased as well. Thus, the organization need more capacities to prevent they fall into bottlenecks (Stevenson, 2010). In Cadbury World case, some bottleneck s might be occurred if they didn’t varied the capacity to respond to the changes of demand. Firstly, more ticket collected have been arranged accordingly in the entrance area during peak period.Those ticket collectors will apply the technological system such as automation system to handle the situation in the exhibition centre and also the safety of their visitors. Besides, Cadbury internal management team have implemented some actions to enlarge the space of parking lots during the peak period. After that, the shop, restaurant and ice-cream parlour areas will be amend to cater more visitors. 4. 2 The operations that occurred the bottlenecks in the process  and the ways that service can be amended to increase bottleneck capacity. Where are the bottlenecks in the process? How could service be amended to increase bottlenecks capacity? | The entrance| * Introduce online ticketing to reduce the time that needed to purchase the tickets. * Utilize information technology system to handle the safety of visitors that enter the exhibition centre. * Enhance the dependability and speed in the exhibition centre to provide the convenience to visitors. | The exhibition area| * Boost up the efficiency of Cadbury staffs that handle the visitors that enter this area. * Apply micro operation system and information technology method to reduce the delays problems and also eliminate the workload of attendant. Improve the process flow in Marie Cadbury room as it is the bottlenecks in this section. | The packaging plant| * Change the areas that show the brief videos. * Such as displaying the brief videos in the areas before entering the packaging plant to give a brief explanation and understanding to visitors. | The restaurant| * Amend the process flow because current process flow is inconvenient to visitors. * Redesign the serving points and serve more variety of food in each serving point. * So that, visitors can enjoy their favorite food without passing every serving poin ts. The restaurant design can amend to a round shape instead of row arrangement to increase the flexibility to visitors. | LIST OF REFENCES Galloway, L. (1998)  Principles of Operations Management. India: ITP. Jae, K. , Shim, Joel, G. & Siegel (1999) Operations Management. USA: Barron’s Educational Series. Stevenson, W. J. (2010) Operations Management. An Asian Perspective (9th Edition). New Zealand: McGraw-Hill. Thompson, J. (1967)  Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill. Tilanus, B. (1997)  Information Systems in Logistics and Transformation (2nd ed). USA: Elsevier Science Ltd. Operations Management The process type McDonald's uses is batch process because there are moderate volume and moderate variety in their products and services. McDonald's products are semi-standardized as they are stocked pre cooked. When a customer makes an order, the product is then prepared. This shows high flexibility, for example, a customer orders a special order of McCracken without lettuce, the order will be processed within minutes. There is also high volume of production as McDonald's serves thousands of customers dally. Inning a batch process means that the speed of delivery Is dependent upon the speed and experience of the Individual worker. This process supports the business of McDonald's as they will be able to process the different types orders to cater to the different needs of customers, In the shortest time possible. To achieve that, moderate skill level of workers is required. The advantages of batch process are that it allows workers to specialist in specific lobscouse and use the speci alist equipment, different batches of different production an be made.On the other hand, there are also disadvantages of batch process. Firstly, specialization means that the workers are doing repetitive jobs, which can result to boredom. Secondly, the machinery needs to be reset and cleaned in between batches. This can be time consuming which in turns slows down the production. Also, when the hamburgers are produced by batches, they would keep them for as long as possible and eventually discard them if they were not sold. This will increase the cost for McDonald's. Operations Management OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: as a competitive weapon mks [email  protected] ac. in http://mks507. vistapanel. net Prof. (Dr. ) Manoj K Srivastava Operations Management Area 1. The Systems Approach C O N T E N T S 2. 3. OM Definition Ten Critical Decisions 4. 5. The Cases 4V Typology of Operations 6. 7. Productivity Competitiveness 8. 9. Manufacturing Vs. Service? The History 10. The Future 1 Systems Approach Systems Approach Reduce waste†¦or enhance output†¦ 2 OM Definition What is Operations Management? What is Operations? a function or system that transforms inputs into outputs of greater valueOperations management (OM) is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS †¢ †¢ Physical: Locational: as in manufacturing operations as in transportation operations What is a Transformation Process? a series of activities along a value chain extending from supplier to customer. activiti es that do not add value are superfluous and should be eliminated †¢ †¢ Exchange: Physiological: as in retail operations as in health care What is Operations Management? esign, operation, and improvement of productive systems †¢ †¢ Psychological: Informational: as in entertainment as in communication Value Engineering / Value Analysis ? Use ? Esteem ? Time ? Place 3 What Operations Managers do? ? Service, product design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Quality management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Process, capacity design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Location †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ten Critical Decisions ? Layout design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Human resources, job design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Supply-chain management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Inventory management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ? Scheduling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Maintenance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 The Cases Britannica StoryInvite your enemy onto the roof, then remove the ladder Sun tzu The Art of War 36 Stratagems 1988 1988-93 Britannica (Leader, 230 years experience, 1768), $1000 Microsoft encyclopedia from funk & Wagnall’s encyclopedia Searchability, Multimedia, Graphics, Timeline (20 feet), cross-links, updating 1993 1995 Price $300 (cost of CD:$1) (in-fact you can purchase encarta encyclopedia + a PC in Britannica price) Britannica has to jump in a business which was not its strength, Price still $1000 1997 Reduced to $125, later on free online, crashed twice Innovation in Operations McDonald’s Corp Olympic Flame ? ? ? Facing Increased Competition Smarter and More Demanding Customers Less Brand Loyal Switched to hamburger bun that does not require toasting. ? Customers prefer taste of new bun ? Saves time an d money, QSVC Model ? ? ? ? 10,000 runners 15,000 miles through 42 states in 84 days Two years of planning Must plan for no-show runners and rush hour traffic ? Cost of this operation in the neighbourhood of $20 million Innovation in Operations Ginger Hotel BillDesk No-frills, June 2004 No room service, travel desk, swimming pool Wi-fi, Two type of room: Rs. 999 and Rs. 1199, Prabhat Pani, CEO, Roots CorporationBillDesk, a property of IndiaIdeas. com Ltd. , 2000 Three Arthur Anderson Executives Third-party bill collection 25 Banks, 100 companies Just apply today. It only takes a few minutes. Once you're approved, you get your very own Zipcard. Reserve one of our cars – for a couple hours or the entire Day. Do it online or use a phone. We're easy. Walk to the car, then just hold your Zipcard to the windshield. The doors will unlock, and it's all yours! Drive away†¦ and return to the same reserved parking spot at the end of your reservation. It's that simple. And remember, gas and insurance are included too. 5Operations typology: 4V Approach Differences within sectors are often greater than the differences between sectors Financial services An account management centre at a large retail bank Financial analyst advising a client at an investment bank Furniture manufacturing Mass production of kitchen units Craft production of reproduction ‘antique’ furniture Hotels Value-for-money hotel Lobby of an international luxury hotel A Typology of Operations: 4 V’s Low Volume High High how many products or services are made by the operation? how many different types of products or services are made by the operation?High Variety Low High Variation in demand Low how much does the level of demand change over time? how much of the operation’s internal working are ‘exposed’ to its customers? High Visibility Low Implications Low repetition Each staff member performs more of job Less systemization High unit costs Flexible Comple x Match customer needs High unit costs Changing capacity Anticipation Flexibility In touch with demand High unit costs Short waiting tolerance Satisfaction governed by customer perception Customer contact skills needed Received variety is high High unit costs A Typology of Operations ImplicationsHigh repeatability Specialization Capital intensive Low unit costs Well defined Routine Standardized Regular Low unit costs Stable Routine Predictable High utilization Low unit costs Time lag between production and consumption Standardization Low contact skills High staff utilization Centralization Low unit costs Low Volume High High High Variety Low High Variation in demand Low High Visibility Low 6 Productivity Effectiveness Efficiency Productivity Types of Productivity Single Factor Productivity Output Labor Output Materials Output is of quality nature Output Capital Multifactor ProductivityOutput Labor + Materials + Overheads Output Labor + Energy + Capital Total Factor Productivity Good s and Services Produced All inputs used to produce them America West’s Reverse Pyramid system This is in contrast to the approach used by many airlines of just boarding all seats starting from the back of the plane and working forward. 7 Competitiveness Competitiveness The degree to which a nation can produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets while simultaneously maintaining or expanding the real incomes of its citizens. A firm is competitive if it can produce products [†¦ of superior quality or lower costs than its domestic and international competitors. (US-President`s Commission on Industrial Competitiveness 1985, S. 6) Global Competitiveness Ranking 1. Switzerland 2. Sweden 3. Singapore 4. United States 5. Germany 6. Japan 7. Finland 8. Netherlands 9. Denmark India 51 10. Canada China 27 Competition Within Industries Increases When ? Firms are relatively equal in size and resources ? Products and services are standardized ? Industry growt h is slow or exponential Barriers to Entry ? ? Economies of scale Learning curves Capital investment Access to supply and distribution channels 8 Manufacturing vs. services Degree of Servitization Manufacturing and Service Employment Manufacturing Employment and Production Services as % of GDP Tangibility Spectrum Economic Offerings can determine prior to purchasing can only be discerned after purchase or during consumption or use customer must believe in, but cannot personally evaluate even after purchase & consumption Differences Between Goods and Services Intangibility Heterogeneity Simultaneous Perishability Production & Consumption 9 History of OM Five Eras of Operations Management Journey of Operations Management Adam Smith uge increases in productivity obtainable from technology or technological progress are possible match human and physical capital, Division of labor Eli Whitney †¢ †¢ In 1798, received government contract to make 10,000 muskets Showed that machine tools could make standardized parts to exact specifications – Musket parts could be used in any musket Significant events in operations management ? ? ? ? Division of labor Standardized parts Scientific management Coordinated assembly line (Smith (Whitney (Taylor (Ford 1776) 1800) 1881) 1913) ? ? ? Gantt charts Motion study Quality control (Gantt (Gilbreths (Shewhart 1916) 1922) 1924) 10Where are we going? Exciting New Challenges in Operations Management Changing Challenges Past Local or national focus Batch (large) shipments Causes Low-cost, reliable worldwide communication and transportation networks Cost of capital puts pressure on reducing investment in inventory Global Focus Future Just-in-time shipments Low-bid purchasing Quality emphasis requires that suppliers be engaged in product improvement Shorter life cycles, rapid international communication, computer-aided design, and international collaboration Affluence and worldwide markets; increasingly flexible production processes Changing sociocultural milieu.Increasingly a knowledge and information society. Environmental issues, ISO 14000, increasing disposal costs Supply-chain partners Rapid product development, alliances, collaborative designs Mass customization Empowered employees, teams, and lean production Environmentally sensitive production, Green manufacturing, recycled materials, remanufacturing Lengthy product development Standardized products Job specialization Low cost focus Operations Management OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT: as a competitive weapon mks [email  protected] ac. in http://mks507. vistapanel. net Prof. (Dr. ) Manoj K Srivastava Operations Management Area 1. The Systems Approach C O N T E N T S 2. 3. OM Definition Ten Critical Decisions 4. 5. The Cases 4V Typology of Operations 6. 7. Productivity Competitiveness 8. 9. Manufacturing Vs. Service? The History 10. The Future 1 Systems Approach Systems Approach Reduce waste†¦or enhance output†¦ 2 OM Definition What is Operations Management? What is Operations? a function or system that transforms inputs into outputs of greater valueOperations management (OM) is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS †¢ †¢ Physical: Locational: as in manufacturing operations as in transportation operations What is a Transformation Process? a series of activities along a value chain extending from supplier to customer. activiti es that do not add value are superfluous and should be eliminated †¢ †¢ Exchange: Physiological: as in retail operations as in health care What is Operations Management? esign, operation, and improvement of productive systems †¢ †¢ Psychological: Informational: as in entertainment as in communication Value Engineering / Value Analysis ? Use ? Esteem ? Time ? Place 3 What Operations Managers do? ? Service, product design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Quality management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Process, capacity design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Location †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ten Critical Decisions ? Layout design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Human resources, job design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? Supply-chain management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Inventory management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ? Scheduling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Maintenance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 The Cases Britannica StoryInvite your enemy onto the roof, then remove the ladder Sun tzu The Art of War 36 Stratagems 1988 1988-93 Britannica (Leader, 230 years experience, 1768), $1000 Microsoft encyclopedia from funk & Wagnall’s encyclopedia Searchability, Multimedia, Graphics, Timeline (20 feet), cross-links, updating 1993 1995 Price $300 (cost of CD:$1) (in-fact you can purchase encarta encyclopedia + a PC in Britannica price) Britannica has to jump in a business which was not its strength, Price still $1000 1997 Reduced to $125, later on free online, crashed twice Innovation in Operations McDonald’s Corp Olympic Flame ? ? ? Facing Increased Competition Smarter and More Demanding Customers Less Brand Loyal Switched to hamburger bun that does not require toasting. ? Customers prefer taste of new bun ? Saves time an d money, QSVC Model ? ? ? ? 10,000 runners 15,000 miles through 42 states in 84 days Two years of planning Must plan for no-show runners and rush hour traffic ? Cost of this operation in the neighbourhood of $20 million Innovation in Operations Ginger Hotel BillDesk No-frills, June 2004 No room service, travel desk, swimming pool Wi-fi, Two type of room: Rs. 999 and Rs. 1199, Prabhat Pani, CEO, Roots CorporationBillDesk, a property of IndiaIdeas. com Ltd. , 2000 Three Arthur Anderson Executives Third-party bill collection 25 Banks, 100 companies Just apply today. It only takes a few minutes. Once you're approved, you get your very own Zipcard. Reserve one of our cars – for a couple hours or the entire Day. Do it online or use a phone. We're easy. Walk to the car, then just hold your Zipcard to the windshield. The doors will unlock, and it's all yours! Drive away†¦ and return to the same reserved parking spot at the end of your reservation. It's that simple. And remember, gas and insurance are included too. 5Operations typology: 4V Approach Differences within sectors are often greater than the differences between sectors Financial services An account management centre at a large retail bank Financial analyst advising a client at an investment bank Furniture manufacturing Mass production of kitchen units Craft production of reproduction ‘antique’ furniture Hotels Value-for-money hotel Lobby of an international luxury hotel A Typology of Operations: 4 V’s Low Volume High High how many products or services are made by the operation? how many different types of products or services are made by the operation?High Variety Low High Variation in demand Low how much does the level of demand change over time? how much of the operation’s internal working are ‘exposed’ to its customers? High Visibility Low Implications Low repetition Each staff member performs more of job Less systemization High unit costs Flexible Comple x Match customer needs High unit costs Changing capacity Anticipation Flexibility In touch with demand High unit costs Short waiting tolerance Satisfaction governed by customer perception Customer contact skills needed Received variety is high High unit costs A Typology of Operations ImplicationsHigh repeatability Specialization Capital intensive Low unit costs Well defined Routine Standardized Regular Low unit costs Stable Routine Predictable High utilization Low unit costs Time lag between production and consumption Standardization Low contact skills High staff utilization Centralization Low unit costs Low Volume High High High Variety Low High Variation in demand Low High Visibility Low 6 Productivity Effectiveness Efficiency Productivity Types of Productivity Single Factor Productivity Output Labor Output Materials Output is of quality nature Output Capital Multifactor ProductivityOutput Labor + Materials + Overheads Output Labor + Energy + Capital Total Factor Productivity Good s and Services Produced All inputs used to produce them America West’s Reverse Pyramid system This is in contrast to the approach used by many airlines of just boarding all seats starting from the back of the plane and working forward. 7 Competitiveness Competitiveness The degree to which a nation can produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets while simultaneously maintaining or expanding the real incomes of its citizens. A firm is competitive if it can produce products [†¦ of superior quality or lower costs than its domestic and international competitors. (US-President`s Commission on Industrial Competitiveness 1985, S. 6) Global Competitiveness Ranking 1. Switzerland 2. Sweden 3. Singapore 4. United States 5. Germany 6. Japan 7. Finland 8. Netherlands 9. Denmark India 51 10. Canada China 27 Competition Within Industries Increases When ? Firms are relatively equal in size and resources ? Products and services are standardized ? Industry growt h is slow or exponential Barriers to Entry ? ? Economies of scale Learning curves Capital investment Access to supply and distribution channels 8 Manufacturing vs. services Degree of Servitization Manufacturing and Service Employment Manufacturing Employment and Production Services as % of GDP Tangibility Spectrum Economic Offerings can determine prior to purchasing can only be discerned after purchase or during consumption or use customer must believe in, but cannot personally evaluate even after purchase & consumption Differences Between Goods and Services Intangibility Heterogeneity Simultaneous Perishability Production & Consumption 9 History of OM Five Eras of Operations Management Journey of Operations Management Adam Smith uge increases in productivity obtainable from technology or technological progress are possible match human and physical capital, Division of labor Eli Whitney †¢ †¢ In 1798, received government contract to make 10,000 muskets Showed that machine tools could make standardized parts to exact specifications – Musket parts could be used in any musket Significant events in operations management ? ? ? ? Division of labor Standardized parts Scientific management Coordinated assembly line (Smith (Whitney (Taylor (Ford 1776) 1800) 1881) 1913) ? ? ? Gantt charts Motion study Quality control (Gantt (Gilbreths (Shewhart 1916) 1922) 1924) 10Where are we going? Exciting New Challenges in Operations Management Changing Challenges Past Local or national focus Batch (large) shipments Causes Low-cost, reliable worldwide communication and transportation networks Cost of capital puts pressure on reducing investment in inventory Global Focus Future Just-in-time shipments Low-bid purchasing Quality emphasis requires that suppliers be engaged in product improvement Shorter life cycles, rapid international communication, computer-aided design, and international collaboration Affluence and worldwide markets; increasingly flexible production processes Changing sociocultural milieu.Increasingly a knowledge and information society. Environmental issues, ISO 14000, increasing disposal costs Supply-chain partners Rapid product development, alliances, collaborative designs Mass customization Empowered employees, teams, and lean production Environmentally sensitive production, Green manufacturing, recycled materials, remanufacturing Lengthy product development Standardized products Job specialization Low cost focus